Suspected fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, manipulation or serious attribution failures are assessed consistently before or after publication.
ISAIS preserves the relevant record, separates allegation from finding and gives affected parties an opportunity to respond.
Evidence may be referred to an author's institution, ethics body, funder or another competent authority when formal investigation is needed.
The editorial office does not claim powers it does not have; it reaches publication decisions from the available evidence and updates the record when findings change.
Confidentiality is maintained as far as possible, including for good-faith whistleblowers, while procedural fairness is protected.